### What problem does this PR solve?

### Type of change

- [x] Refactoring

### What problem does this PR solve?

#4126
### Type of change

- [x] Bug Fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)

### What problem does this PR solve?

#4045

### Type of change

- [x] New Feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)

### What problem does this PR solve?

#4045

### Type of change

- [x] New Feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)

### What problem does this PR solve?

Introduced [beartype](https://github.com/beartype/beartype) for runtime
type-checking.

### Type of change

- [x] New Feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)

### What problem does this PR solve?

The default value of Python function parameters cannot be mutable.
Modifying this parameter inside the function will permanently change the
default value

### Type of change

- [x] Bug Fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)

Signed-off-by: Jin Hai <haijin.chn@gmail.com>

### What problem does this PR solve?

#1594

### Type of change

- [x] New Feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)